Progress in hypertension research: 1900-2000.

The author reviews the various factors (sodium, aldosterone, renin-angiotensin system, and norepinephrine; each of these factors being influenced by others) involved in the mechanism of human hypertension. A coherent picture is emerging, with the final pathway of these mechanisms converging on the renin-angiotensin system in the presence of a positive sodium balance and responsible for arteriolar resistance and responsiveness to pressor agents. This would correspond to the labile phase of hypertension, which leads with time to arteriolar restructuring and the increased media/lumen ratio, as demonstrated by Schiffrin and coworkers, and which can revert to normal structure with the administration of antihypertensive drugs such as converting-enzyme inhibitors, calcium-blocking drugs, and antagonists of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. The author also presents the experience obtained in the Hypertension Clinic of the Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, which has been in existence since 1953; this experience is based on the observation of senior observers (clinical scientists, clinicians, and nurses) that the blood pressure of hypertensive patients can be controlled to normal levels in almost all cases for years and decades with a proper combination of the present antihypertensive drugs.